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Clauses

Clauses

Indicative Adjectival Clauses

A relative clause is used to directly limit or define a noun, performing a pure adjectival function.

Causal Clauses

The relative clause may denote grounds for the assertion in the main clause.

Concessive Clauses

A relative clause may imply the idea of concession.

Simple Condition

The relative clause may supply the protasis of a simple condition.

Purpose Clauses

The relative clause may express purpose.

Subjunctive

More Probable Condition
The protasis of a more probable future condition may be expressed by the use of the relative pronoun with ἄν.

Voluntative Result
A relative clause may express a result that the context shows was intended or contemplated.

Causal Clauses

Coordinate Causal Clause
The inferential particle γάρ is the regular connective for two coordinate clauses that bear to each other some relation of cause and effect, or reason and conclusion.

Subordinate Causal Clauses
By a Subordinating Conjunction
The Particles used: ὃτι, διότι, καθότι, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ὃθεν
The Phrases used: ἐφ᾽ ὦ, έφ᾽ ὃσον, ἀνθ᾽ ὦν, οὖ χάριν
By διἀ with the Articular Infinitive
By the Participle
By the relative pronoun

Comparative Clauses

The Particles Used

Those used most are ὡς and καθώς
Compounds of κατά
Compounds of ὡς
The Correlative pronoun ὅσος
The Comparative Particle ἤ
The use of the phrase ὄν τρόπον

Local Clauses The Particles Used

By ὄπου
By ου
By ὂθεν

Temporal Clauses

With the Indicative

Introduced by ὂτε, ἐπειδή, ὁπότε, ὦς, meaning When.
Introduced by ὂταν, meaning Whenever.
Introduced by ἔως, ἔως οὖ, ἔως ὅτου, ἄχρι οὖ, ἐφ᾽ ὄσον, meaning While.
Introduced by ἔως, ἄχρι, ἄχρι οὖ, meaning Until.
Introduced by ἔως, ἀφ᾽ οὖ, […]

Clauses2023-12-11T12:14:40-08:00

Subjunctive Mood

The Subjunctive Mood

Denotes that which is objectively possible, contingent upon certain existing and known facts.

The Hortatory Subjunctive

The speaker or writer uses the first person plural to exhort others to join with him in an action. It is translated “let us.” Here the subjunctive may be used in a main clause to express exhortation, request, or proposal, thus supplying the lack of the first person in the imperative mood.

The Subjunctive of Prohibition

 

This use nearly always employs the second person aorist subjunctive to express a negative entreaty or command. It forbids the beginning of an act and may be translated “don’t even start…”. The third person may be used with dependent clauses of fear or warning in addition to prohibition.

The Deliberative Subjunctive

This use denotes perplexity on the part of the writer or speaker. He uses the subjunctive to express a question which is either a simple rhetorical device which expects no answer at all, or a real question which expects an answer in the imperative mood.

The Subjunctive of Emphatic Negation

The double negative οὐ μή is employed for special stress. It is the strongest way to negate a future activity.

The Final Subjunctive

In this use the subjunctive occurs in a subordinate clause to express purpose. This usual construction employs ἳνα, However occasionally ὃπως or ὣς is used.

When the present subjunctive is used the action of the verb is prolonged or repeated.

When the aorist is used a single action is described or there is no stress on the continuation of the activity.

When the perfect subjunctive is used the completed state of the probable action is emphasized.

The Probable Future Subjunctive

Subjunctive Mood2023-12-11T12:17:37-08:00
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